John L. Allen Jr.
Though a sprawling network of Catholic activists, usually featuring determined members of women’s religious orders, are helping to lead today’s social and humanitarian crusade against human trafficking and modern-day slavery, they know they need the unique resources and powers of governments to turn the tide.
A Rome summit on consumerism has suggested that at least some governments around the world are listening.
“Traffickers are inventive, they make increasing use of technology, and they’re very inventive,” said Prince Jaime De Bourbon De Parme, Ambassadors of the Netherlands to the Holy See, summing up the observations of his country’s law enforcement community.
“It’s about money, lots of money, and governments have to be inventive as well in fighting it,” he said.
Ambassador De Parme was speaking at an April 18 event sponsored by the Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation Commission, a body jointly sponsored by the Union of Superiors General and the International Union of Superiors General, the main umbrella groups in Rome for men’s and women’s orders around the world.
The event was titled ‘Consumerism: A Push Factor in Human Trafficking’, and was devoted to exploring how demand for prostitution and other illicit services often drives an illegal industry estimated at around €122 billion and believed to be the fastest-growing criminal enterprise in the world, now outpacing even the drug trade.
“Consumerism has a catalytic role in human smuggling, prostitution, forced labour, human trafficking and the drug trade,” said Godwin George Umo, Ambassador of Nigeria to the Holy See and a former general in the Nigerian military who’s written widely on corruption, terrorism and security issues.
Hopeful sign
One hopeful sign in the struggle against trafficking, Mr Umo said, is that it’s essentially apolitical, attracting support from leaders from a wide variety of backgrounds and outlooks. To prove the point, he cited the fact that both Pope Francis and US President Donald Trump have flagged ending human trafficking as a social and political priority.
After tracing the growth of modern consumer culture, Mr Umo noted that one of its defining features is planned obsolescence: “You just get the Samsung 8, and within three months you see the Samsung 9 is out,” he laughed.
When it comes to trafficking, Mr Umo said, consumer appetite is a major part of the problem.
“If there is no demand, there will be no supply,” he said. “If people don’t want these things, there would be no money to be made from them.”
He also said that governments need to cooperate to crack down on perpetrators, because “a global problem requires global solutions”. Mr Umo cited the recent example of a Nigerian police raid on a brothel using trafficking victims in Barcelona, Spain, and run by expatriate Nigerian nationals.
“The Spanish police got the tip-off, and our forces were able to make the arrests,” Mr Umo said, showing photographs of false passports seized during the raid with which victims had been brought into Europe.
Mr Umo recommended five elements in terms of crafting effective anti-trafficking policies:
- Prevention is better than cure.
- Requires a global solution because it’s a global problem.
- Funding must cover immediate, short- and long-term measures.
- Anti-consumerism campaign and sensitisation.
- Pope Francis: human and natural environments are deteriorating together.
“Governments, churches, mosques, NGOs and the public should partner to ensure a holistic solution to the menace of human trafficking,” Mr Umo said.
Ambassador De Parme, who recently helped launch a Responsible Mining Index to help trace illegal minerals extracted from conflict zones such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, told the Rome meeting that “today we’re not talking about smuggling minerals around the world, but smuggling people.”
He called modern-day slavery a “blight of society as a whole”.
Mr De Parme said that in recent years, the government of the Netherlands has come to the realisation that the country is a major destination of victims, and has begun waking up to the need to combat the trade. One factor that’s helped fuel the determination, he said, is the realisation that 30% of trafficking victims in the sex trade are actually of Dutch nationality.
“This is a massive problem that touches our sisters and daughters,” he said. “It’s a deeply rooted national problem.”
Nevertheless, Ambassador De Parme acknowledged that the country’s resources are presently strained in light of the real scope of what they’re up against.
Positive measures
Still, he cited several positive anti-trafficking measures the Netherlands have adopted.
First, he said a law is under consideration to criminalise receiving sexual services for payment from anyone the client knows, or should have known, has been coerced into the act. It’s clearly meant as a deterrent, he said, to reduce the demand for trafficking victims.
Second, he said, outreach programmes have been launched for victims, especially young boys involved in the sex trade. They’re less recognised as potential victims of coerced prostitution, he said, and often counsellors and social services professionals aren’t trained to respond adequately to the unique circumstances they face.
Third, the ambassador said, detection tools are being developed to identify possible trafficking victims among persons with “slight or full intellectual disabilities,” whom he described as being “especially vulnerable.”
Fourth, he said that one new frontier for traffickers is the digitalisation of the trafficking trade, with the internet being used increasingly both to lure victims and also to offer illicit services for sale.
On the other hand, Ambassador De Parme said, “technology can also be used against traffickers.” He cited the example of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, where police and citizens together are using webcams to scan potential pathways for trafficking victims online, and assess the risks that a particular location may be a hotspot for trafficking activity.
In terms of ongoing challenges, he cited involving the medical sector to a greater extent in identifying potential trafficking victims; convincing the corporate sector to more aggressively monitor its supply chain to identify possible reliance on trafficked labour and raw materials; and what’s reported to be a burgeoning new market for traffickers in illegally harvested organs and tissues.
“We just passed a law that every citizen is automatically an organ donor unless they indicate otherwise, whereas before it was always the other way around,” Ambassador De Parme said. “We hope this will reduce the market for illegal transplants.”
Overall, he said, the goal of the Dutch approach to perpetrators can be simply stated: “To make their life a hell of a lot more difficult.”
Later, Nigerian Sr Dorothy Ezeh, a social pedagogist who works with young female victims of trafficking and prostitution, struck a sober note about the success of such efforts. “Trafficking will never be ended,” she said. “Our goal is to minimise it.”
Still, Mr Umo from Nigeria suggested that governments can at least play a robust role in that minimisation effort.
“This is something we cannot fail to address because it’s at the very heart of so many problems today,” he said.
With that, Mr Umo was out of the room on his way to the airport, leaving the headquarters of the Christians Brothers in Rome at around 11am, just one hour before a scheduled flight at noon – another way, he said, of showing that this government official is fully on board.